Prevalencia, características endoscópicas y manejo de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto gastrointestinal superior / Prevalence, endoscopic characteristics and management of subepitelial lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract / Prevalência, características endoscópicas e manejo das lesões subepiteliais do trato gastrointestinal superior

Introducción: Las lesiones subepiteliales (LSE) son hallazgos incidentales en las endoscopias. Algunas tienen potencial maligno. Objetivos: Valorar la prevalencia, características endoscópicas y manejo diagnóstico/terapéutico de LSE en video-gastroscopias (VGC). Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron todas las VGC del periodo enero 2011-junio 2018. Los casos con datos faltantes fueron excluidos. Donde se identificó una LSE se consignó: indicación, edad, sexo, tamaño, ubicación e histología, hallazgos de la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE), punción-aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) y resección quirúrgica. Resultados: Se evidenciaron 54 LSE en 7.983 pacientes (0,7 %). 72 % eran mujeres y la indicación más común fue dispepsia (26 %). La localización más frecuente fue en el estómago (74 %). El tamaño medio fue de 16 mm (5-50 mm) y la mitad fueron menores a 10 mm. Siete presentaban mucosa ulcerada, 4 se ubicaban en el cuerpo gástrico y 86 % eran referidos por hemorragia digestiva/anemia. En 26 casos de 54 (48 %) se realizaron biopsias estándar y en 6 de los 54 (11 %) biopsias sobre biopsias, con rendimiento diagnóstico nulo. En un 11 % de ellos se realizó USE, todas mayores de 10 mm: 2 páncreas ectópicos, una lesión compatible con leiomioma, 2 lesiones de la muscular propia (leiomioma/GIST) y 1 compresión extrínseca. No se realizó ninguna PAAF. Todas las LSE fueron manejadas de forma conservadora. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio nacional sobre prevalencia de LSE del tracto gastrointestinal superior y resultó comparable al de otras series. El rendimiento diagnóstico de la biopsia fue nulo. En la mayoría de los casos las lesiones se manejaron según las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales.

Introduction: Subepithelial lesions (SELs) are incidental findings in endoscopy procedures. Most are benign, but some have malignant potential. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence, endoscopic characteristics and diagnostic / therapeutic management of SELs in upper GI endoscopy. Materials and methods: All upper GI endoscopy from January 2011 to June 2018 were included. Cases with missing data were excluded. Indication, age, sex, size, location and histology, findings of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), fine needle aspiration (FNA) and surgical resection were recorded in patients with SELs. Results: There were 54 SELs in 7983 patients (0.7 %). 72 % were women, and the most frequent indication was dyspepsia (26 %). The most frequent location was stomach (74 %). The average size was 16 mm (5-50 mm), half were less than 10 mm. Seven had ulcerated mucosa, 4 were located in the gastric body and 86 % were referred for digestive hemorrhage/anemia. In 26 of 54 (48 %) standard biopsies and in 6 of 54 (11 %) bite-on-bite biopsy were performed, with no diagnostic yield. In 11 % of the cases EUS was performed, all of them larger than 10 mm: 2 ectopic pancreas, one lesion compatible with leiomyoma, 2 lesions of the muscularis propria (leiomyoma/GIST) and 1 extrinsic compression. No FNA was performed. All SELs were managed conservatively. Conclusions: This is the first national study of the prevalence of SELs in the upper gastrointestinal tract and was comparable to that of other series. Biopsy diagnostic yield was zero. In most cases, lesions were managed according to international guidelines.

Introdução: lesões subepiteliais (LSE) são achadas incidentais em endoscopias. A maioria são benignas, mas algumas têm potencial maligno. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência, características endoscópicas e manejo diagnóstico/terapêutico das LSE em vídeo-gastroscopias (VGC). Materiais e métodos: Foram incluídos todas VGC do período de janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2018. Foram excluídos os casos com dados ausentes. Quando uma LSE foi identificada, foram indagados: indicação, idade, sexo, tamanho, localização e histologia, achados da ultrassonografia endoscópica (USE), aspiração por agulha fina (PAAF) e ressecção cirúrgica. Resultados: 54 LSE foram evidenciadas em 7.983 pacientes (0,7 %). 72 % eram mulheres e a indicação mais freqüente foi dispepsia (26 %). A localização mais freqüente foi estômago (74 %). O tamanho médio era de 16 mm (5-50 mm), a metade era menor que 10 mm. Sete tinham mucosa ulcerada, quatro estavam localizadas no corpo gástrico e 86% foram referidos por sangramento/anemia gastrointestinal. Em 26 de 54 (48 %) foram realizadas biópsias padrão e em 6 de 54 (11 %) biópsias sobre biópsias, com um desempenho diagnóstico nulo. Em 11 %, foi realizado uma USE, todas maiores que 10 mm: 2 pâncreas ectópico , uma lesão compatível com leiomioma, 2 lesões musculares (leiomioma/GIST) e 1 compressão extrínseca. Não foi realizada nenhuma PAAF. Todas as LSE foram manejadas de forma conservadora. Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo nacional de prevalência de LSE no trato gastrointestinal superior e foi comparável ao de outras séries. O rendimento diagnóstico da biópsia foi nulo. Na maioria dos casos, as lesões foram tratadas de acordo com as recomendações das diretrizes internacionais.

Impacto da enteroscopia por cápsula na anemia ferropénica: influência da idade do doente no rendimento diagnóstico / Impact of small bowel capsule endoscopy in iron deficiency anemia: influence of patient'sage on diagnostic yield

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia remains one of the main indications to perform small bowel capsule endoscopy. Literature suggests that diagnostic yield is influenced by patient's age but with conflicting results regarding age cutoff. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to clarify the differences in diagnostic yield and incidence of specific findings according to age. METHODS: Retrospective single-center study including 118 patients performing small bowel capsule endoscopy in the study of iron deficiency anemia. Videos were reviewed and small bowel findings that may account for anemia were reported. Incomplete examinations were excluded. Findings were compared between patients ≤60 and >60 years. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 58 years old (SD ±17.9) with 69.5% females (n=82). The overall diagnostic yield was 49% (58/118), being higher among patients >60 years (36/60, diagnostic yield 60%) than those ≤60 years (20/58, diagnostic yield 34%), (P<0.01). Angioectasias were more frequent in patients >60 years (45% vs 9%, P<0.01). Patients ≤60 years presented more frequently significant inflammation (Lewis score >135 in 10.3% vs 1.7%, P<0.05) and other non-vascular lesions (24% vs 10%, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: In our cohort small bowel capsule endoscopy diagnosed clinically relevant findings in the setting of iron deficiency anemia in almost half the patients. Diagnostic yield was higher in patients older than 60 years (60%), with vascular lesions being more frequent in this age group. Despite the lower diagnostic yield in patients ≤60 years, significant pathology was also found in this age group, mainly of inflammatory type.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A anemia ferropénica constitui uma das principais indicações para realização de enteroscopia por cápsula. A literatura sugere que o rendimento diagnóstico é influenciado pela idade do doente, contudo, não é consensual o grupo etário para o qual o rendimento diagnóstico é maior. OBJETIVO: Clarificar as diferenças de rendimento diagnóstico e incidência de achados específicos de acordo com a idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospetivo unicêntrico. Incluídos 118 doentes que realizaram sistematicamente enteroscopia por cápsula no estudo de anemia ferropénica. Todos os vídeos foram revistos e foram reportados os achados no intestino delgado que pudessem ser a causa da anemia ferropénica. Excluídas enteroscopia por cápsula incompletas. Comparados os achados entre doentes com ≤60 e >60 anos. RESULTADOS: Doentes com idade média de 58 anos (SD ±17,9), 69,5% do género feminino (n=82). O rendimento diagnóstico global foi de 49% (58/118), sendo superior em doentes >60 anos (36/60, rendimento diagnóstico 60%) do que em doentes ≤60 anos (20/58, 34%). As angiectasias foram mais frequentemente reportadas em doentes >60 anos (45% vs 9%, P<0,01). Nos doentes com ≤60 anos foi mais frequentemente reportada inflamação significativa (Score de Lewis >135 em 10,3% vs 1,7%, P<0,05) e lesões não vasculares (24% vs 10%, P=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Na nossa amostra, a enteroscopia por cápsula revelou-se importante no estudo da anemia ferropénica detectando achados relevantes em cerca de metade dos doentes. O rendimento diagnóstico foi maior em doentes com mais de 60 anos (60%), sendo as lesões vasculares mais frequentes neste grupo. Apesar do menor rendimento diagnóstico em indivíduos até aos 60 anos, foi detectada patologia relevante neste grupo, em especial do tipo inflamatório.

Descripción del uso de cápsula endoscópica en un hospital público pediátrico / Description of capsule endoscopy use in a pediatric public hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cápsula endoscópica (CE) es a una técnica no invasiva que permite la visualización de la mucosa del intestino delgado. Se utiliza para el diagnóstico de lesiones no accesibles con otros exámenes. El objetivo fue describir la experiencia de uso de CE en un hospital público pediátrico en Chile. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo en que se revisaron los casos en que se utilizó CE en el Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna desde 2010 hasta la fecha. Se registraron datos demográficos, clínicos, hallazgos, complicaciones, diagnóstico y conducta. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 20 procedimientos en 16 pacientes, 11 varones (69%), mediana de edad 12 años (rango 3 a 15 años). Las indicaciones incluyeron estudio de poliposis (60%), sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn (20%), hemorragia digestiva de origen desconocido (15%) y anemia de causa desconocida (5%). Diecisiete estudios estaban alterados (85%) y 11 llevaron a un diagnóstico o cambio de conducta clínica (55%). Los hallazgos principales fueron pólipos y erosiones intestinales. No se produjeron complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La CE es una técnica útil y segura en niños, factible de realizar en un hospital público pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a non-invasive technique that allows visualization of small intestine mucosa. It is used for diagnosis of lesions not accessible with other tests. Our goal was to describe the experience using CE in a pediatric public hospital in Chile. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective study was carried out to review the cases in which CE was used at Dr. Luis Calvo Mac kenna Hospital from 2010 to date. Demographic and clinical data, findings, complications, diagnosis and treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty procedures were performed in 16 patients, 11 men (69%), median age 12 years (range 3 to 15 years). Indications included polyposis study (60%), suspected Crohn disease (20%), obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (15%) and undiagnosed anemia (5%). Seventeen studies were altered (85%) and 11 led to a diagnosis or clinical behavior change (55%). There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: CE is a useful and safe technique in children, feasible to perform in a pediatric public hospital.

Assessment of ultrasonographic and endoscopic changes in dogs with gastrointestinale disorders / Avaliação das mudanças ultrassonográficas e endoscópicas em cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais

The study has been conducted over a period of 4 years, on a total number of 133 dogs, all of those expressing gastrointestinal disorders. Ultrasound and endoscopic examinations were performed in all dogs in order to assess any significant correlations between ultrasonographic and endoscopic findings. The results confirm a significant correlation between the presence of diarrhoea and increased thickness of the large bowel wall, with P<0.5. Another extremely significant correlation we observed is the one between increased thickness of large bowel wall and loss of layering at this level, with P<0.5. Upper GI endoscopy revealed that dilated lacteals in the duodenum are significantly associated with the presence of diarrhoea, P<0.5 and, more importantly, there is a very significant correlation between dilated lacteals and the presence of striations (P<0.5), which confirms previous studies (Sutherland-Smith et al., 2007) that say the striated aspect of the intestinal mucosa is due to dilated lacteals.(AU)

O estudo foi conduzido durante um período de quatro anos, em um número total de 133 cães, todos os que expressam distúrbios gastrointestinais. Exames ultrassonográficos e endoscópicos foram realizados em todos os cães, a fim de se avaliarem as correlações significativas entre os achados ultrassonográficos e endoscópicos. Os resultados confirmam uma correlação significativa entre a presença de diarreia e o aumento da espessura da parede do intestino grande, com P<0,5. Outra correlação extremamente significativa observada é a única entre o aumento da espessura da parede do intestino grosso e a perda de camadas a esse nível, com P<0,5. GI superior endoscopia revelou que lacteals dilatados no duodeno estão significativamente associados com a presença de diarreia, P<0,5 e mais importante, não há uma correlação muito significativa entre lacteals dilatados e a presença de estrias (P<0,5), o que confirma estudos anteriores (Sutherland-Smith et al., 2007) que dizem que o aspecto estriado da mucosa intestinal está a ser dada pelos lacteals dilatados.(AU)

Compromiso del tubo digestivo por endometriosis: una manifestación importante de recordar / Gastrointestinal tract affected by endometriosis: a clinical condition important to take into account

Background: Endometriosis is caused by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, affecting predominantly women in reproductive age; it is an important cause of infertility. The presence of these lesions in the digestive tract in an unusual complication, of unspecific symptoms, rarely suspected and thus its diagnosis may be delayed. The suspicion can be confirmed by means of ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT), however magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the study of choice for the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients. Objective:The aim of the current review is to identify the characteristics of endometriosis and illustrate the utility and limitations of the CT and the MR in the diagnosis of this disease.

Antecedentes: La endometriosis es causada por la presencia de tejido endometrial fuera del útero que afecta predominantemente a mujeres en edad fértil y es causa importante de infertilidad. La presencia de estas lesiones en el tubo digestivo es una complicación infrecuente, de sintomatología inespecífica, escasamente sospechada y cuyo diagnóstico puede verse pospuesto. Si bien su sospecha puede realizarse mediante la ecotomografía y la tomografía computada (TC), la resonancia magnética (RM) se ha convertido en el estudio de elección tanto para el diagnóstico como el seguimiento. Objetivo: La presente revisión busca identificar las características de la endometriosis e ilustrar sobre la utilidad y limitaciones de la TC y la RM en el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad.

Acurácia da ultrassonografia endoscópica no diagnóstico diferencial dos abaulamentos subepiteliais do trato gastrointestinal / Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of subepithelial bulging of the gastrointestinal tract

Introdução: A ultrassonografia endoscópica é importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico diferencial dos abaulamentos subepiteliais do trato gastrointestinal por permitir delinear as diferentes camadas da parede do tubo digestivo. Neste estudo, analisamos o papel do método na avaliação das lesões intramurais subepiteliais e das compressões extrínsecas do trato gastrointestinal. Métodos: Uma análise retrospectiva do papel da ultrassonografia endoscópica para pacientes encaminhados com abaulamentos subepiteliais do esôfago, estômago, duodeno e retossigmoide foi conduzida em um centro de referência pelo mesmo examinador (CVL). Os achados ecográficos analisados foram a natureza da lesão, sua camada de origem, tamanho, bordos, ecogenicidade, homogeneidade e diagnóstico presuntivo. Resultados: De setembro/2009 a março/2013, 126 pacientes (63,5% mulheres; idade média: 51,6 anos) com 128 abaulamentos subepiteliais à endoscopia foram analisados. Das 128 lesões, 104 (81,2%) eram lesões intramurais. Outros 24 (18,8%) abaulamentos eram compressões extrínsecas, na maioria dos casos (n = 21), por órgãos e estruturas normais. Para a detecção de lesões intramurais pela imagem da ultrassonografia endoscópica, a sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo, e a acurácia do método foram de, respectivamente, 98,1%, 92%, 98,1%, 92% e 96,9%. Por sua vez, para a detecção de compressões extrínsecas pela ultrassonografia endoscópica, os mesmos parâmetros foram de, respectivamente, 92%, 100%, 100%, 98,1% e 98,5%. Quando da punção ecoguiada para lesões intramurais, agulhas calibrosas e lesões maiores de 2cm apresentaram melhores resultados quanto ao diagnóstico diferencial. Conclusões: A ultrassonografia endoscópica é método de grande acurácia para o diagnóstico diferencial entre lesões subepiteliais intramurais e compressões extrínsecas do trato gastrointestinal (AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasonography is an important tool for the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal subepithelial bulges because it allows to outline the different layers of the wall of the digestive tract. In this study, we analyzed the role of the method in the evaluation of subepithelial intramural lesions and extrinsic compressions of the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the role of endoscopic ultrasound for patients with subepithelial bulges of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and rectosigmoid was conducted in a reference center by the same examiner (CVL). The sonographic findings analyzed were the nature of the injury, its layer of origin, size, borders, echogenicity, homogeneity, and presumptive diagnosis. Results: From September 2009 to March 2013, 126 patients (63.5% women, mean age: 51.6 years) with 128 subepithelial bulges at endoscopy were analyzed. Of the 128 lesions, 104 (81.2%) were intramural lesions. Other 24 (18.8%) bulges were extrinsic compressions, in most cases (n = 21) by normal organs and structures. For the detection of intramural lesions by endoscopic ultrasound image, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the method were, respectively, 98.1%, 92%, 98.1%, 92% and 96.9%. In turn, for the detection of extrinsic compression by endoscopic ultrasound, the same parameters were, respectively, 92%, 100%, 100%, 98.1% and 98.5%. For ultrasonographic-guided puncture for intramural lesions, thicker needles and lesions larger than 2 cm showed better outcomes concerning differential diagnosis. Conclusions: Endoscopic ultrasound is a highly accurate method for the differential diagnosis between subepithelial intramural lesions and extrinsic compressions of the gastrointestinal tract (AU)

Recent Progress in Abdominal CT Imaging / 대한소화기학회지

In this pictorial review, we introduce recent technical development of CT scanning in the imaging of the abdominal organs, namely, the gastrointestinal tract, colon, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. With multidetector- row CT scanner, we can depict the abdominal organs by doing thin-section volumetric images and displaying the images in transverse axial, coronal, and sagittal plane reconstruction with isotropic images. We can see the interior of the abdomen directly as in the operating theatre. In addition, we can see the interior of the gastrointestinal tract as if we are flying through a tunnel.

CT interpretation of gastrointestinal tract diseases

Most inflammatory, neoplastic and vascular disorders manifest bowel wall thickening on computed tomography (CT). Therefore, it is very important to understand the patterns of bowel wall involvement (degree, length, symmetry and contrast enhancement patterns) in each category to make a correct diagnosis. Observing extraluminal changes also help to classify the primary causes of pathological conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract. Adequate CT examinations with optimal opacification of the gastrointestinal tract are essential not only to avoid false positive findings but also to detect subtle or minimal lesions. If findings for establishing a diagnosis are equivocal, the use of combined findings increases the diagnostic accuracy of CT.

Urinary bladder involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with review of the literature

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the etiologies of urinary bladder involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the clinicoradiologic features of gastrointestinal tract manifestations and clinical outcomes in patients with lupus cystitis accompanied by gastrointestinal manifestations. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review on 413 patients with SLE. Patients were selected for review on the basis of lower urinary tract symptoms including urinary frequency, urgency and urinary incontinence. Radiologic studies were analyzed in patients with lupus cystitis. RESULTS: Ten consecutive patients, complicated with lower urinary tract symptoms, were identified. Underlying etiologies were as follows: lupus cystitis in five, neurogenic dysfunction secondary to transverse myelitis in three, cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in one and tuberculous cystitis in one patient. All patients with lupus cystitis showed gastrointestinal manifestations, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea during the periods of cystitis symptoms. In all patients with lupus cystitis, paralytic ileus was demonstrated on plain abdominal X-ray and ascites, bilateral hydroureteronephrosis and thickened bladder wall were identified on abdominal ultrasound or CT. Abdominal CT revealed bowel wall thickening in four of the five patients. The main sites of thickened bowel on abdominal CT were territory supplied by superior mesenteric artery. Two of five patients with lupus cystitis expired during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Diverse etiologies may cause lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with SLE. Lupus cystitis is strongly associated with gastrointestinal involvement and abdominal CT can be a useful radiologic tool to investigate the gastrointestinal tract involvement in patients with lupus cystitis.

Diagnostic management of epigastric pain in Uganda

180 patients who attended the out patient of Hoima Hospital (Uganda) complaining of epigastric pain were studied in order to verify the cause of it and to assess the most effective diagnostic iter. All the patients underwent the following examinations : stool examination for parasites; upper digestive tract endoscopy; ultra sound scan of liver; spleen; pancreas and kidneys. The results suggest that being the main causes of epigastric pain in Uganda intestinal parasitosis (21 per cent); gastro-enteric upper tract lesions with endoscopic signs of disease and functional dyspepsia the best approach of assessment of epigastric pain is first of all to rule out the presence of parasites in the stool